Chromium Poisoning in Buffaloes in the Vicinity of Contaminated Pastureland, Punjab, Pakistan

This article focuses on the toxic element chromium (Cr) in wastewater, its incorporation into soil plant systems, and relevant toxicity food chain as assessed by a health risk assessment from dietary intake. The Nili Ravi buffalo is an important cattle inhabiting Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan, forage crops grown soils contaminated with Cr might cause local inhabitants eating meat. soil, animal blood samples were collected five different locations Tehsil Sahiwal (Chak Dhool, Bagabalocha, Chandia, Dhool Bala Kakrani) twice at six-month intervals. A total of 30 each ecological zone (Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Trifolium alexandrinum). zone-V zone-IV showed maximum concentration because these areas receive highly water for irrigation. was greater than permissible limits. Environmental indices all ranged below 1. bioaccumulation pollution load due to wastewater irrigation can contaminate whole via forages animals. index (HRI) high value enrichment factor found some sites. higher during summer season winter. Fodder concentrations elevated level observed maize. Attention should be paid when used fodder crop potential risks human following dairy product (milk, meat) entry chain.